Francesco Maniglio (202e). En Routledge Handbook of Academic Knowledge Circulation (pp. 265–277).
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Comparative studies based on research and development (R&D) expenditures, patenting rates and international higher education systems state that the current international division of knowledge reinforces the forms of dependence typical of the international traditional division of labour. The capitalist valorisation of knowledge, which is oriented towards accumulation, entails certain evaluation and control processes which are artificially enforced and which measure the skills, competences and knowledge of our societies. National governments hold a strategic power regarding systemic organisation of collective intelligence, both protecting intellectual property and financing, controlling and regulating education institutions, universities and research centres. The world wealth distribution thus becomes all the more visible because it includes the movement of knowledge and human capital with the aim of increasing the differentiation of human activities. By rethinking the dependence approach, I posit that knowledge exchange and circulation processes would account for the consolidation of specific borders, which includes the neocolonial dominance by knowledge-based economies.